Instrumentation

1. General Concept of DCS System A Distributed Control System (DCS) is a computer-based control system used for industrial process automation. It combines distributed control units (at the field level) with a centralized operation and monitoring system (at the upper level) to achieve real-time measurement, control, alarm handling, trend analysis, and management of production processes. […]

In the selection and calibration of instruments, we often hear discussions like: “This pressure transmitter is 0.5 class, the accuracy should be fine” or “The measurement result is off by 0.2 kPa, the accuracy of this instrument is poor.” However, these statements confuse two crucial concepts: Accuracy and Accuracy Class. While they are related, they

In various fields such as industrial automation, pharmaceutical production, and environmental monitoring, paperless recorders have gradually replaced traditional chart recorders due to their powerful data acquisition, storage, retrieval, and analysis functions. As the “data black box” of production processes, the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of the data recorded are paramount. To ensure this “trustworthy” data,

Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis is one of the most essential tools in process safety management.However, many companies still struggle to determine when it must be conducted — is it mandatory only during design? Should it be repeated during operation? What if personnel or process conditions change? This article summarizes key regulatory requirements and practical

1. Control of Impurities and Salts ConcentrationDuring the operation of the steam generator, soluble and insoluble impurities (such as calcium and magnesium ions) in the feedwater become increasingly concentrated as water evaporates. If blowdown is not performed regularly, the concentration of impurities in the boiler water will rise, which can reduce steam quality and potentially

1. Working Principle of a Centrifugal Pump Before starting, the centrifugal pump must first be filled with liquid. When the impeller rotates, the liquid is subjected to centrifugal force and is thrown towards the outer edge of the impeller. This imparts kinetic energy to the liquid, which is then discharged through the outlet. Meanwhile, the

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas is classified under “acute toxicity – inhalation, category 3*” according to national standards. However, in practical terms, it is “not recommended” to set it up as a toxic gas for monitoring. Why is it that hydrogen chloride in its gas form is treated differently from its liquid form, like hydrochloric acid

In the world of instrumentation, theoretical knowledge is like the wrench in your toolkit — it may seem insignificant, but when it fails, it can bring everything to a halt! Whether you’re preparing for an entry-level certification or simply aiming to strengthen your foundational knowledge for daily operations, the concepts of circuit diagrams, sensor principles,

In the field, many operators have experienced this moment: despite following procedures, the moment the steam valve is opened, a dull “bang” is heard from the pipeline, the steel pipes shake, and white steam rises from the flanges… This is a classic case of steam pipeline water hammer. If not addressed immediately, it can cause

1. Basic Concept Comparison Item Spray-Coated PTFE Sintered PTFE Principle PTFE dispersion liquid or powder is sprayed onto the metal surface to form a coating. PTFE powder is fused and sintered at high temperatures to form a solid (either whole or as a coating). Base Material Metal substrates (steel, aluminum, stainless steel, etc.) Can be