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Hazards of High-Risk Process Units in Chemical Enterprises

Instrumentation /

Introduction High-risk process units in the chemical industry refer to facilities that involve highly reactive chemical processes (e.g., nitration, sulfonation, halogenation, strong oxidation, diazotization, and hydrogenation) or operate under extreme conditions such as high temperature (≥300 ℃), high pressure (≥10 MPa), and cryogenic environments (≤−29 ℃).In addition, high-risk storage units are facilities for storing toxic […]

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Common Types of Industrial Relays and Their Applications

Instrumentation /

Introduction Relays are essential components in modern industrial automation and power systems. They act as switching and protection devices, enabling safe and efficient control of electrical circuits. Depending on the application—whether for signal amplification, overload protection, safety shutdown, or high-frequency switching—different types of relays are used. This article provides a structured overview of the most

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Why Do Wear-Resistant Ball Valves Fail Prematurely with Internal and External Leakage? Root Causes Beyond Sealing Issues

Valve /

1. Introduction Wear-resistant ball valves serve as critical control points in industrial fluid transportation systems. Once failure occurs, even minor issues may cause media leakage, while severe cases can lead to equipment seizure, production downtime, and costly repairs. This document analyzes common failure modes of wear-resistant ball valves, identifies underlying causes, and proposes preventive measures.

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Why Does a Flat Metal Diaphragm in a Transmitter Exhibit Linear Characteristics?

Pressure Transmitter /

1. Introduction In pressure and differential pressure transmitters such as the 1151 series, the measuring diaphragm is made of a flat metal sheet. At first glance, the pressure–displacement relationship of a flat diaphragm should be non-linear. However, under specific design and installation conditions, the diaphragm behaves in a nearly linear manner, which is essential for

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Selection of Rotameters: A Detailed Guide

Flow meter /

Rotameters, as flow measurement instruments, are essential for various applications where on-site flow indication or remote alarm and measurement are required. This article outlines the selection criteria for different types of rotameters, detailing the considerations to ensure optimal performance and reliability. 1. General Guidelines for Selecting Rotameters When choosing a rotameter for applications involving small

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Why Sealing Manual Valves on Pneumatic Actuator Air Lines Is Impractical

Valve /

1. Background and Standard Requirement In the petrochemical industry, design standards directly affect operational safety and reliability.According to SH/T 3005-2016 “Specification for Selection and Design of Petrochemical Automation Instruments”, clause 10.3.6.8 states: “A manual valve shall be installed in the air line of a pneumatic actuator. By operating this manual valve on site, the actuator

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Technical Specification: Standard Venturi Flowmeter Diameter Requirements

Flow meter /

1. Principle of Venturi Flow Measurement The Venturi flowmeter operates on the Venturi effect, a fluid dynamics phenomenon described by the Bernoulli equation.When a fluid passes through the constricted throat section of a Venturi tube, its velocity increases while the static pressure decreases, maintaining energy conservation. 2. Structure of Venturi Flowmeters A standard Venturi tube

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Causes and Troubleshooting Procedures for Boiler Drum Differential Pressure Transmitter Deviations

Pressure Transmitter /

Abstract The differential pressure (DP) transmitter for boiler drum level measurement is a critical instrument for ensuring safe and stable boiler operation. Deviations between actual water level and transmitter readings may lead to serious risks such as boiler dry-out, overfilling, or even turbine water hammer.This document summarizes five major categories of deviation causes, provides a

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Documentation Requirements and Drafting Guidelines for P&ID (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram)

PLC /

1. Information Required for P&ID Design Before preparing a P&ID, a wide range of reference documents and data must be collected. These are essential for ensuring accuracy and consistency during the design phase: Process Flow Diagram (PFD) A P&ID is developed based on the approved and detailed PFD. The PFD must be reviewed and approved

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Can SIS Operator Stations and Engineering Stations Be Shared?

PLC /

1. Introduction In Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS), two critical Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) are involved: Engineering Station (ES): Used for configuration, programming, diagnostics, and maintenance. Operator Station (OS): Used for monitoring, process operation, and alarm handling. A common industry question is whether these two stations can be shared to reduce cost and simplify system architecture. This

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