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Introduction With the continuous advancement of industrial technology, hydrogen has become an important industrial gas widely used in power generation, chemical processing, electronics manufacturing, and other sectors. In these applications, accurate measurement of hydrogen humidity is essential for ensuring process safety and improving product quality. A hydrogen gas humidity meter is a specialized instrument designed […]

Stainless steels are indispensable in various industrial applications due to their corrosion resistance, durability, and strength. Among them, 304 and 321 stainless steel are both part of the austenitic family and often used in similar environments—but they are not interchangeable. This article compares the chemical composition, temperature resistance, mechanical properties, and applications of 304 vs.

1. Background: Persistent Diaphragm Failures in DCS Level Transmitters In a 450,000 tons/year polypropylene (PP) production plant using LyondellBasell’s gas-phase process, frequent failures occurred in level transmitters installed on Reactor #3 during the production of impact-resistant polypropylene. These failures were specific to the DCS-linked level transmitters, which required diaphragm replacement nearly every month, while a

1. Introduction In modern industrial automation and process control, redundant sensors are widely deployed to enhance system reliability and safety.For critical measurement parameters—such as temperature, pressure, and liquid level—two-out-of-three voting logic (2oo3) is commonly used. This architecture employs three independent sensors measuring the same variable and determines the valid reading when at least two sensors