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Introduction In industrial automation, RS-485 communication has become one of the most widely used methods for data exchange between devices. Thanks to its reliability, strong noise immunity, and long-distance capability, it is commonly found in factory automation, building control, and energy monitoring systems. However, RS-485 is not a single wiring method. It can be implemented […]

1. Introduction Steam temperature is one of the most critical parameters in thermal power plant operation. Compared with drum water level control, which has evolved into the classical three-element control system, steam temperature regulation remains highly complex. Multiple disturbance factors—ranging from load fluctuations to flue gas conditions and desuperheating water flow—can influence the dynamic behavior

1. Introduction The purpose of this document is to establish standardized requirements for the operation, inspection, maintenance, and overhaul of the Safety Instrumented System (SIS).The SIS is defined as an instrumentation system used to execute one or more Safety Instrumented Functions (SIF). It consists of sensors (e.g., switches, transmitters), logic solvers (controllers), and final control

This guide explains how to choose the installation height for combustible or toxic gas detectors based on whether the leaking gas is heavier or lighter than air. It also includes a special note for oxygen (O₂) sensors. 1) Classify the gas by buoyancy (relative to air) Let N = (gas molecular weight) / 29, where