1. What is ORP? ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential) is a key parameter that measures the tendency of a solution to either gain or lose electrons. It reflects the solution’s overall oxidizing or reducing power. Positive ORP values indicate an oxidizing environment. Negative ORP values indicate a reducing environment. The unit of ORP is millivolts (mV), and […]
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In the realm of industrial automation and process control, the reliability, accuracy, and stability of instruments are paramount. One critical concept that significantly impacts these aspects is “working conditions.” This term refers to the environmental and operational parameters under which an instrument functions. This article explores the definition, classification, and impact of working conditions on
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In industrial measurement and quality control, instrument calibration is critical to ensuring measurement accuracy and equipment reliability. However, different calibration stages are applied depending on the instrument’s lifecycle and usage conditions. These stages include initial calibration, subsequent calibration, and in-use calibration. This article explains the key differences between them and their respective roles in a
Electromagnetic flowmeters are widely used in industrial flow measurement for their accuracy, stability, and versatility. Understanding their operating principles, common issues, and best practices for installation and maintenance is essential for field engineers and maintenance professionals. This article provides a comprehensive overview based on real-world troubleshooting and frequently asked questions. 1. Working Principle of Electromagnetic
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Background A combined heat and power (CHP) plant in Jiangsu Province is undergoing comprehensive upgrades to enhance boiler efficiency and optimize operations as part of its smart plant initiative. Given the complex and variable composition of the coal used, the plant must comply with the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan and the Pollutant
In the realm of industrial automation, the need for seamless communication between field devices and centralized control systems is more critical than ever. While RS-485 continues to dominate field-level communication due to its reliability and cost-effectiveness, Ethernet-based networks have become the standard for modern industrial control and data acquisition systems. Bridging this gap is the
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Relays are essential components in electrical circuits, often used for switching and control applications. Understanding how to choose between normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) relay contacts is critical to ensure the proper operation and safety of your circuit. This guide provides a detailed overview of their functionalities, applications, and selection criteria, supported by
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1. Risks and Principles of Small Opening Operation Control valves operating at small openings often encounter critical issues due to dramatic changes in internal fluid dynamics. Key problems include: 1.1 Severe Throttling Erosion When the valve throttling gap is extremely narrow, fluid velocity surges. This high-speed flow erodes the plug and seat surfaces intensely—particularly in
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Electric heat trace systems are essential in various industries to maintain the temperature of pipes, tanks, or equipment. They prevent the freezing of liquids or ensure materials remain at optimal flowable conditions, especially in cold environments. Below is a detailed explanation of the main components that make up an electric heat trace system. 1. Heating
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In industrial manufacturing, one term that frequently comes up is “thermal shock.” While it may sound technical, the concept is quite straightforward: thermal shock refers to the repeated exposure of materials or components to rapid temperature changes—hot and cold cycles—to assess their thermal fatigue resistance and long-term durability. 🔍 A Common Yet Destructive Phenomenon Thermal
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